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best practices

May 06 2022

Why you should migrate away from Angular JS

Hello readers! A big fan of the Angular Javascript framework here. Today I wanted to go through a few of the reasons why you should look to migrate your existing AngularJS projects (any Angular release version under 2) to a more modern and actively supported framework (or library).

You might be thinking “well, this guy is internally conflicted”, but give me the opportunity to explain myself. Even though AngularJS is a fantastic piece of technology that surely was top of its class when it came out (October 2010) and despite the fact that I enjoy working with its successor Angular.io (also known as Angular 2+), AngularJS has become outdated (EOL December 2021), and a risk to your company in many different ways.

Dilbert strip - Larry tries to tell PHB what the legacy systems did. PHB says no, he doesn't care about legacy systems. Dilbert asks, "I though we replaced all of our legacy systems." Larry says, "Keep your thoughts to yourself."
@2017, Scott Adams, Inc.

The framework has reached end of support (Version Support Status). This means that it has become read-only mode, it will not be updated further. The framework has not been developed for over a year now (Release 1.8.2 happened in October 2020), and even though extended support was supposed to end mid-2021, it was extended to December 2021 due to the global pandemic. Here’s a blog post by the Angular team regarding discontinued long term support.

To add some support to the point I’m trying to make, I’ll share that Angular was created and mainly maintained by Google. Google recognized the shortcomings of AngularJS, and completely rewrote it to release Angular.io. AngularJS only made it to version 1.8.3, however Angular.io has already made it to major version 13 (current at time of writing), with many more versions to come.

What could be making you hold onto your existing AngularJS apps

Trust me, I’ve been there. You have a perfectly functioning application which needs little maintenance, and you have engineers who know it in and out already. Why invest a part of your budget in fixing something that’s not broken? Why bring in new people that don’t know the product? Why push your engineers to do something new/different to what they’ve been doing?

Dilbert strip - PHB announces to Dilbert that the legacy system maintainer quit. Tells Dilbert to fix it. Dilbert standing in front of odd large mechanical device with a screen, pipes, and pipes with the thought bubble, "Frack."
@2016, Scott Adams, Inc.

The reasons

Technology: As I stated earlier, AngularJS is outdated. This means that in its feature-set, performance, and just keeping up with latest developments in Javascript and the web browsers, AngularJS has clearly lagged behind, mainly due to the fact that it has been in maintenance mode and not actively developed on for years. If you stay on this framework, you won’t take advantage of the rapidly evolving web world, and the evolving smart devices and their new features.

Support: As the framework is no longer maintained, any new issues or limitations you encounter will not only lack an answer/help from the AngularJS team (again, not supported anymore), you most probably also won’t have a huge community online to help you with it, like you would have with any modern framework. This could mean a longer time to fix issues that come up in your application, and a rough experience for your engineers and users.

Security: Perhaps the biggest reason why you should move away from AngularJS. Like any unsupported package out there, you won’t be protected when any new security exploits are identified, be it within the framework itself, or any of its thousands of dependencies and indirect dependencies (yes, your app can be exploited by vulnerabilities in the dependencies of the dependencies of AngularJS which is your app’s dependency… you get the point). Usually when something like this happens in an actively supported package, a fix will be published quite swiftly in response to it, or any dependency that includes the vulnerability will be updated with a newer version.

Talent: Not only do you want to provide the best possible experience for your users, but also for your app engineers. When you are trying to retain or expand your software team, AngularJS will weigh on any engineer’s decision. Engineers will want to work with quality, cutting edge technology. It is hard for engineers to get or even stay excited about working on a framework that has reached end of life. It will be much easier for you to retain and hire engineers if your apps run on modern technologies and following best practices and industry trends. I cannot stress how much easier will it be to fill open positions when your tech stack is attractive for the engineers. You can also think about what will happen once you actually find someone willing to do the job on your legacy system, they will play hard to get and you’ll end up paying more for an engineer that is probably not up to date on industry standards.

Business: For current technologies, the help you will get from the online community is massive, which speeds up the time it takes to fix and implement new features, and to resolve critical situations that may arise. Not only your engineers will be happier and more engaged in what they are doing, it also impacts your branding. Are you a company that invests in and works with the latest and greatest? Or a company that settles with whatever is there?

Dilbert strip - Patty asks Larry how long it will take to add a feature to the legacy system. Larry asks when the new system will replace the old system. Patty responds, six months. Larry then says the new feature will take seven months.
@2017, Scott Adams, Inc.

I know that was a lot of talking, but I can tell you with confidence that we have seen the impact that migrating legacy applications has for many of our customers, and it is massive. Not only do applications come alive and look and feel more modern, but engineers come to work in a better mood and eager to get things done, and a true engineering culture is fostered. Even though keeping legacy systems might seem like the easy or cost-efficient way, there are several hidden (or not obvious) costs that come with it.

If you need any help assessing or migrating your systems, do not hesitate to reach out to us at any of the following:

get@inrhythm.com

InRhythm Website – Contact Us

+1 (800) 683-7813

Written by Juan Porley, Director of Engineering, Web Practice @ InRhythm

Written by Mike Adams · Categorized: Code Lounge, Product Development, Software Engineering, Web Engineering · Tagged: best practices, INRHYTHMU, JavaScript

Mar 09 2022

Apache Kafka Overview

Apache Kafka is an open-source, distributed event-streaming platform, or message queuing system. Kafka provides real-time data analysis that runs on servers and clients, either locally or in the cloud, on Linux, Windows, or Mac platforms. Kafka’s messages are persisted on disk and replicated within the cluster to prevent data loss.

Some typical Kafka use cases are stream processing, log aggregation, data ingestion to Spark or Hadoop, error recovery, etc.

One of the main differences between Kafka and other Pub/Sub providers is that Kafka maintains a persistent event store and allows consumers to re-read events

Basic Architecture

There are four main components:

  • The Producer – The client apps that write their Events, or Topics, to the Kafka queue.
  • The Topic – Topics are the Events that Kafka stores. They are multi-producer, multi-subscriber (Consumer), decoupled, and can have any number of subscribers or none at all.
  • The Broker – Each Broker is a Kafka server that organizes and sequentially stores incoming Events by Topic and stores them on disk in Segmented Partitions.
  • Consumer – The apps that subscribe to Kafka Topics.

A Kafka cluster is made of one or more servers, called Brokers. Topics live in one or more Partitions on one or more Brokers. 

Basic Kafka Dataflow - Producers create Records that they send to the Kafka Cluster where Kafka Brokers process and store the records before providing them to subscribers.
Basic Kafka Dataflow

As Producers write events to the Topic queues, the Brokers store the message in Segments within their Partitions according to Topic ID. Kafka always writes Event messages into any Partition configured for that Topic ID, on any Broker. Because the save is spread across all Brokers that service that Topic ID and the data is written non-sequentially into Segments within those Partitions, there is no single Broker or Partition that contains the full, sequential list of Events for that Topic. Each Partition only holds a subset of Event records in its Segments.

Kafka Producers

Producers are client applications writing Topics to the Kafka Cluster. 

Kafka Brokers

Brokers receive event streams from Producers and store them sequentially by Topic ID in one or more Partitions across one or more Brokers. Each Broker can handle many Partitions in its storage. All received messages are stored with an Offset ID.

For example, when receiving three events on a given Broker having three partitions, the Broker could store those Events to Partitions in this order 2, 1, and 3, while another Broker in the cluster could store them to 3, 2, and1. Because the writes to Partitions within Brokers are ad hoc, the individual Segments in any one Partition do not contain a sequential string of events. However, on retrieval, Kafka provides those records in their correct order by using their Broker-assigned Offset ID. 

Additionally, you can configure the Event retention as suitable for the application.

The Topic

Kafka organizes events by Topic and may store a Topic in multiple Partitions on multiple Brokers. This provides reliability and also enhances performance by avoiding the I/O bottlenecks that using a single Broker might entail, by spreading the store action across multiple computers.Topics are assigned Topic IDs.

Kafka Consumers

Consumers are apps that read Topic information from Kafka queues. Consumers automatically retrieve new messages as they arrive in the queue.

Benefits 

  • I/O Performance – Non-sequentially writing Event records to multiple Brokers/Partitions avoids I/O bottlenecks that could occur if they were written sequentially into a single Partition.
  • Scalability – Kafka scales horizontally by increasing the number of Brokers in the cluster.
  • Data Redundancy – You can configure Kafka to write each event to multiple brokers.
  • High-Concurrency, low-latency, high-throughput
  • Fault-Tolerant
  • Message Broker Capabilities
  • Batch Handling Capability (providing ETL-like functionality)
  • Persistent by default

Advantages of Apache Kafka

Real-time data analysis provides faster insights into your data allowing faster response times. For example, to make predictions about what should be stocked, promoted, or pulled from the shelves, based on the most up-to-date information possible.

Even on very large systems, Kafka operates very quickly. You can stream all data in real time to make decisions based on current information, rather than waiting until the data has been obtained, aggregated, and analyzed, which is the case for many companies with large datasets.

Kafka is written in Java, so it is easier to learn.

Use Cases for Kafka

Kafka is used for: 

  • Stream processing
  • Website activity tracking
  • Metrics collection and monitoring
  • Log aggregation
  • Real-time analytics
  • Common Extensibility Platform support (CEP)
  • Ingesting data into Spark
  • Ingesting data into Hadoop
  • Command Query Responsibility Segregation support (CQRS)
  • Replay messages
  • Error recovery
  • Guaranteed distributed commit log for in-memory computing (microservices)

Resources

InRhythm University Lightning Talk: Lightning Talk / Kafka / February 3rd 2022 / Kyle Pollack

Apache Kafka: https://kafka.apache.org

Written by Mike Adams · Categorized: InRhythmU, Software Engineering · Tagged: best practices, distributed event streaming, INRHYTHMU, Kafka, pub/sub architecture

Mar 07 2022

Human Interface Guidelines

A desktop on a table with paper next to the screen.
Photo by UX Store on Unsplash

Human Interface Guidelines suggest how interface components should look and how users will interact with them. There are as many ideas about interface design as there are proponents of any particular library or API. 

All interface designs share a similar goal, which is to create a unified user experience across the environment. To accomplish that, the guidelines help make their design’s interface intuitive, consistent, and learnable, both for the OS for its applications and tools. All interface elements and their guidelines should be included in an interface design document with usage examples, when practical. For example, buttons, checkboxes, dialog boxes, application views, buttons, bars, etc.

Apple Human Interface Guidelines

Apple was one the first companies to use “look and feel” in their literature when referencing the MacOS interface in the 1980s. As technology advanced, ideas on interface design also advanced. Today, Apple has “Human Interface Guidelines” that establish how your application should look and feel to users on all of it’s platforms.

Apple’s HIG is an extensive document covering all aspects of application look and feel across the entire Apple ecosystem. There is a platform-specific HIG for each Apple OS environment: 

  • macOS for MacBooks
  • iOS for iPhone/iPad
  • watchOS for Apple Watches
  • tvOS for Apple TV

Apple’s HIG is organized by platform and technologies. Each platform is subdivided into sections. For iOS, for example, the sections cover architecture, user interaction, system capabilities, icons and images, bars, views, controls, and extensions.

From the iOS section topics, it’s evident that Apple is invested in ensuring that applications on their platform have that certain Apple “look” and that those applications function in a consistent manner. 

Consistency is an important factor in user uptake of new applications. When UI elements function similarly, it’s easier for your users to transfer their operational knowledge between applications. 

Using the HIG helps maintain the quality of your application by guiding your UI decisions to support the application’s operation. Following the HIG will improve your engineering and design decisions by helping you to anticipate what most users will expect from your application’s interface.

It’s important to remember that the HIG does not dictate how your application operates, it describes the user/application interaction through visual cues, controls, and application feedback.

Customer Impact

Photo by Faizur Rehman on Unsplash

When followed, the Human Interface Guidelines ensure that the components of your application’s UI are understandable to the average Apple user through familiarity with the OS and with other applications.

Maintaining a consistent interface helps you create an application interface that is more rapidly accepted and gives your users an increased feeling of being in control, which creates a positive user experience. A side benefit is that your application will complete the App Store in a more timely manner because the UI and its controls appear and operate in the manner expected by the reviewers.

Resources

InRhythm University Lightning Talk: Lightning Talk / Human Interface Guidelines / February 24th 2022 / Hamid Mahmood

Apple’s Human Interface Guidelines: https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/

Written by Mike Adams · Categorized: Design UX/UI, InRhythmU · Tagged: best practices, INRHYTHMU, learning and growth, UI, ux, uxui

Apr 01 2019

Our Greatest Investment Opportunity


InRhythm’s success is built on the excellence of every employee, and the outstanding work they do every day continues to drive us to greater heights. While we look to hire the very best consultants at the outset, every employee is on their own career journey, and one of the cornerstones of our company culture is investing in the careers and lives of our people to help them be happier, healthier, and more proficient in their fields. Investing in this development has, for me, provided an enormous return in the form of profitability, productivity, and the overall wellness of our employees.

Personal Zen

InRhythmers already enjoy a company reimbursement for the music streaming service of their choice; music is a core part of the day for many of us, and it just made sense to keep everyone happy with their favorite personal playlists, unburdened by ads. Not everyone listens to music when they work, however, so this year we’re expanding the program to include audiobook services like Audible and wellness and meditation apps like Headspace, so each of our employees can define their own idea of work zen with our enthusiastic support.

Empowering our employees to find their focus and de-stress increases confidence and performance. Meditation, in particular, offers a number of benefits, including increased immune function and lowered anxiety, that pay huge dividends in and out of the office. We can’t always predict the future in this fast-moving industry, and no consultancy is immune from stressful days, but by giving InRhythmers the tools they need to stay grounded and happy, they can tackle the biggest problems and opportunities ahead of us.

A Better Future

We hire engineers and designers at all skill levels to work on some of the biggest industry-shaping projects, but each and every one of our consultants is ambitious and dedicated to growing their expertise. Our culture of learning and growth is designed to take every InRhythmer to the next level, whatever that might look like for them. InRhythmU, our suite of internal and client-facing training and development workshops, speaker series, and resources is a comprehensive platform for our people to learn from (and teach!) each other, sharing their mastery of everything from cutting-edge programming languages to soft skills like leadership, personal branding, and public speaking.

We also provide a coaching program that pairs our senior-level consultants with several mentees, each with their own specific goals for the year. Our coaches work individually with their mentees and consult with other coaches on guiding every InRhythmer toward goals they’ve self-identified. The result? Our people are working on everything from personal financial literacy to Chrome extension development, with our coaches and the entire culture of InRhythm as the wind at their back.

When you hire for the very best, you’ll find yourself surrounded by people who are naturally ambitious and hungry to learn. In practice, however, I see a huge deficit in the education provided by a lot of companies in our industry; while it’s fine for your employees to seek learning elsewhere, it’s also a huge missed opportunity to engage with your people and personally invest in their success. By providing these resources on-site at InRhythm headquarters and empowering our people to not only come to us to learn but also to teach each other, a richer culture is born.

P.S. We also encourage our speakers to open up their learning and growth events, where appropriate, to the general public. Whether you’re a current InRhythmer, looking to join the team, or just interested in the field, I encourage you to join our InRhythmU Meetup group to get the latest updates and RSVP info for upcoming events:

Design Sprints with Joe Cahill
April 24th | 5 pm | RSVP

Compassionate Coding with Brian Olore
May 16th | 5 pm | RSVP

GraphQL with Denny Temple
June 20th | 5 pm | RSVP

Advanced Design Patterns with Will Bratches
July 18th | 5 pm | RSVP

React Native with James Woods
August 15th | 5 pm | RSVP

We’ve got a lot of different events, owing to the wide-ranging interests of our consultants, so if there’s something that interests you, I look forward to seeing you at an InRhythmU event soon.

Thanks and Keep Growing,
Gunjan

Written by Gunjan Doshi · Categorized: InRhythm News, InRhythmU, Learning and Development · Tagged: best practices, community, growth, investing in employees, learning and growth, Meetup, meetups, software engineering, tutorial

Mar 26 2019

Structuring and Serving PWAs with the PRPL Pattern


It’s been over 10 years since the release of the first model of the iPhone. Back then, most people had primitive mobile devices, limited mostly to making calls and receiving brief text messages. Anything close to decent was considered a pleasant user experience when it came to mobile. Nobody was concerned about the status quo, because nobody was using unstable mobile devices on a daily basis to browse through sites, make purchases, etc. (at least, not yet).

Over the years, however, a powerful shift has moved users’ primary point of entry from desktop machines with fast, reliable network connections to relatively underpowered mobile devices with connections that are often slow or flaky. Unfortunately, Google reports state 53% of users abandon sites that take longer than 3 seconds to load; the average load time takes up to 19 seconds on a 3G connection and 14 seconds on a 4G connection. Now you might ask yourself: right, but how does that happen?  Why does the page load take 19 seconds? I wrote some CSS, it is responsive, it should work! Here’s the problem: the UI looks like it works, but it doesn’t work in the real world. If you think about your mobile users, a good amount of them are still using median devices—the ones they receive for free with a new mobile plan, with just 1GB of RAM. They are a little (or even a lot) better than years ago, but still slow and suffering from poor connectivity.

There’s clearly a significant gap between today’s consumer expectations, the capabilities of their devices, and the mobile behavior of most sites. The patterns we have developed for building feature-rich web apps are just not sufficient for a mobile device user anymore. In order to create the best experience, the PRPL pattern can be key to improved mobile website development and user experience.

PWAs to the Rescue

When trying to ensure that a web app is suitable for a mobile device, most organizations develop responsive apps. It could appear as a great solution to our previously mentioned problem: the pages automatically respond to the screen size, UX stays consistent across all platforms, and we only have one code base for both mobile and desktop platforms. Unfortunately, this solution comes with some limitations. Responsive Web Design has clear network dependency; as soon as the connection is lost, your page is gone. If your connection is slow, you will automatically see layout and UI glitches.

Responsive Web Design is a fast and simple solution—it doesn’t solve all problems, but it does solve some of them, and quickly. It works best, however, when it naturally moves on to Progressive Web App. While PWAs are quite new and emerging, this architecture allows your app to inherit all main behaviors of RWD such as push notifications or GPS awareness, but also offers some advanced features. Not only is the app visible immediately after entering the page, but it also works better on a slow internet connection. What’s more, thanks to clever caching methods, your content can be visible and flawless even if you are not connected to the internet.

One of the ways to achieve that improved behavior lays in a pattern for structuring and serving Progressive Web Apps with emphasis on the performance of app delivery and launch. It’s known as the PRPL pattern: push, render, pre-cache, and lazy-load. It is not a specific technology or tools, but more of a mindset and a long-term plan for improving the performance of mobile web. The specific implementation of each of the steps is out of the scope of this article, but feel free to do additional research for more information.

Page Loading Process  

What does it take to load a page, from the moment you first open that page to the moment it’s fully loaded and you can interact with it? When you try to open a site on a mobile device, an initial request is sent to a remote server somewhere far away. After some time, the server brings the response, usually in the form of an HTML document. After that, your browser runs through the HTML file to check what other resources are needed; for each additional resource, your browser needs to make a separate call to the server in order to get that resource. You’ve probably noticed: that’s a lot of calls. How do we optimize that performance?

Push Critical Resources

Not every file in your application has the same level of importance. Browsers know this, and using their own heuristic they are able to decide which files they should be fetching first. It’s useful to also tell the browser which files are more important to us. There are multiple ways of preloading critical resources faster. Some of them include rel=”preload” and rel=”prefetch”, however you may also want to explore webpack options. It may be useful to keep in mind that prefetch is better for getting ready the resources needed for different navigation routes.  In general, both of these methods allow you to mask the initial latency by preparing the resources that are important but usually take some time to load. This way your browser reads through HTML and instantly warms up the connection with the source, so by the time the browser got to the last line of the HTML file, the resource is ready to be rendered.

Render the Initial Route as soon as Possible

Providing basic user experience as soon as possible is critical when it comes to convincing users that the site they entered is worth staying on. How does it feel when you open a site that starts loading, and the only thing you see for the next 15 seconds is a blank screen? I always ask myself: is it loading? Is my connection not working? Maybe it’s my phone that is not working? Downloading and processing external stylesheets is probably blocking the content from being rendered until the whole process has finished. That creates an opportunity for improvement.

There are some parts of an application that can be pushed earlier to provide some basic user experience and assure the user of the loading progress. One method is to extract styles responsible for minimum initial rendering and inlining them in the HTML document. You can either implement that solution yourself or use already existing packages such as critical package. This way the browser would be able to render the styles right away.  Another approach to improve first paint is to server-side render the initial HTML of your page. This displays content immediately to the user while scripts are still being fetched, parsed, and executed. However, this can increase the payload of the HTML file significantly, which can harm the time it takes for your application to become interactive and thereby respond to user input. There is no single correct solution to reduce the initial load of your application, and you should only consider inlining styles and server-side rendering if the benefits outweigh the tradeoffs for your application.

Pre-cache Remaining Routes

As you probably already noticed, minimizing server-side trips can be crucial in the process of shortening page load time. Here’s where the service worker really shines. Using a service worker cache allows you to store the resources that make up the shell. On repeat visits, your browser can fetch assets directly from the cache rather than the server. This way your user will not only be able to use your application offline, but also enjoy a much faster page load. You can either create the service worker file and write the logic yourself, or use libraries such as Workbox that can make this process easier.

Lazy-Load

We’ve arrived at the moment when all of our assets are finally delivered by the server at the speed of light, but the initial paint is still slow; what’s taking so long? Almost always the most expensive asset happens to be a JavaScript bundle. From the moment it gets loaded to the moment the UI gets fully interactive, your browser goes through a few phases: it has to download the files, parse through them, compile, and finally execute. In simple terms, after your browser’s received all the resources, it now has to compute what all the files combined together look like, and how they work together. The bigger the bundle you ship, the longer it will take for the browser to parse through it and put it together.

What does it really mean for the user? Shipping a large bundle of JavaScript can significantly delay how your user will be able to interact with UI components. That means your user will be tapping on the UI without anything meaningful happening. The previously mentioned phases don’t take a lot of time on a desktop machine, but on a median mobile device, it can take forever. So how do we manage to quickly load the rest of the code necessary for the application to run? Should we just load the entire code all at once?

Instead of providing users with all of the code that makes up the entire application as soon as they land on a site you could split the code based on used routes, otherwise known as code splitting. The idea behind it is to give the user small chunks of the code that takes the currently used route. As the user navigates through the site, the browser makes additional requests for more of the fragments of code that haven’t been cached yet, and creates required views, known as lazy loading. This is another feature that you could implement yourself, but it may be worth it to use existing packages and plugins instead, such as an aggressive splitting webpack plugin.

Summary

Nowadays, through improvements in Internet browsers, the expectations toward mobile websites are set very high. The purpose of the first websites over 20 years ago was simply to share information; these days the Internet provides everything from grocery shopping, maps, real estate, social networks, chatting, tickets…everything. If you are hoping for maximum engagement from your customers, improving their mobile experience by delivering content fast and reliably may be the way to go.

 

InRhythms engineers leverage their passions to provide the best user experience for large-scale enterprises leading their fields. Subscribe below for the latest in thought leadership, or reach out to see what our rapid development strategies can do for your latest project.

Written by InRhythm · Categorized: InRhythm News, Learning and Development, Web Engineering · Tagged: best practices, development, engineering, progressive web apps, pwa, service worker, software engineering

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