Web Engineering

Feb 04 2020

Letting Go of the Formality

It wasn’t that long ago that suits, ties, knee-length skirts, heels and pantyhose were required wardrobe staples. In fact, many enterprise Fortune 100s upheld a formal dress code as part of their HR Policy Handbooks. Goldman Sachs, the last bastion of formality on Wall Street, finally relaxed its dress code and offered a “flexible style” option. They only did so last year. Their updated policy permitted men to choose garments other than suits. Admittedly, this made things more complicated for women but that’s a topic for another blog.

Since we’re agile practitioners here at InRhythm, it made sense to look at our own approaches to talent and acquisition. Not to mention retention. Practices and policies drive corporate culture. Here, Agile Platinum Principle One: resist formality, must serve as one of the pillars of our talent strategy.

If your company doesn’t offer a culture that’s aligned with the needs and expectations of today’s job seekers, then, as Hiring Manager or Chief People Officer, you’re going to have a really hard time. At best, you’re going to struggle and slog through your days and recruiting campaigns. At worst, you’re not going to have any people to serve as Chief over!

The link between informality and tech

Ask anyone within the technology field, or external to it, to describe or draw a person in tech, be it a software developer or a startup founder. The universal response is a male, typically Caucasian, dressed in sloppy jeans and a hoodie. Where did this level of informality originate?

Many would cite Lou Gerstner’s (former CEO of IBM) decision to roll out “casual dress.” Even the New York Times balked with a headline that read, “Black Jeans Invade Big Blue.” Shortly thereafter, Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced “Blue Sky Days” which permitted employees to wear jeans to work on Fridays. From there, dress code devolved or evolved – it depends on your perspective – into what we see today.

However, the Platinum Principal of resisting formality is not restricted to dress code. It extends into everything that we do. Formality also has implications with unconscious bias, how we greet and interact with people, the forms that we require candidates to complete and so on. Tone and style go hand in hand.

How are we resisting formality?

We are constantly taking steps to increase our awareness and connection with our prospective employees, candidates, contractors, staff and employees. Efforts are made to understand what they need so that we can craft our talent, acquisition and retention strategies around their needs and expectations versus requiring that they conform to ours. Here, we have embraced an agile culture across the company, not just in our product development efforts.

As agile craftsmen, with respect to HR recruiting and retention strategies, we have adopted an approach that is more responsive than it is prescriptive. Our applications are deliberately designed with brevity in mind to expedite the hiring process. We measure how long it takes from the time that an application is submitted to an open job posting until someone is seated in the role. A conscientious effort, with monitoring, is made to ensure that we are constantly moving our candidates through the hiring process as swiftly as they seek to do so.

Another way that may come as a bit of a surprise is the effort we make to create a relaxed culture that allows for flexibility and downtime. We understand the enormous pressure and stress that our employees feel as they do all that they can to deliver on our clients’ needs. It’s okay to push through a couple of scrums or back-to-back sprints but it’s not sustainable. Over the holidays, we relaxed with an in-house office party and gave people some bonus time. This week is Valentine’s Day: celebrate it or not, you don’t need to make it about sending flowers and chocolates to your partner. Use it as a reminder to resist formality, take some time and reach out to whomever it is that you care about, be it a parent or sibling or a friend.

Resist formality! Make strides to emulate the people and culture around you. Forcing people into a process defined by its rigor and inflexibility is the antithesis of what a company should do. Particularly a company who’s purpose is to bring agile methodologies and success to our clients.

Stu Weiser,

Director of Talent Acquisition
Image created by katemangostar – www.freepik.com

Jan 14 2020

Unleashing The Potential Of Your Offsite Team

Thriving vs Surviving

Are You Unleashing Your Team’s Potential? Or, are you an engineering Practice Lead or Manager who’s unconsciously capping your team’s potential? While there may be the odd diabolical leader who intents on deliberately holding his or her team back, I like to think that doing so is not the norm. Leaders of agile craftsmen want their teams to flourish and fly through each sprint. Doing so will require creating an environment and work culture that fosters improvement and unleashes a team’s potential.

With a new year and decade here upon us, the idea of making resolutions to catalyze changes isn’t new. It’s a centuries-old tradition that has begun to fall out of favor. Given that < 8% of us make it through the year, performance and motivation coaches suggest that we set goals for the year instead of resolutions. By setting a goal, we know which direction we’re headed for and it allows us to “slip back” or go off-course occasionally yet still track towards the goal unlike resolutions, which do not offer the same latitude.

Here at InRhythm, we’re looking forward to achieving continued success in 2020. With increased efforts to build and empower our 10x teams and to better enable our clients, we have set several key goals for the year ahead.

2020 Goals

Continue to put our customers first and make every effort towards 100% customer satisfaction
Foster a culture that truly embodies the Agile Manifesto
Grow our footprint in new markets and industries

As the Practice Lead , I’m conscious of how well my team is performing and how the toll of being onsite at clients’ workspaces affects them. I’m also aware that I need to give the team space to work together on a sprint and to figure things out on their own. When they hit an obstacle or begin struggling with forward progress, that’s the time to jump in. Until then, leaders must encourage their teams to experiment and err, support them, and back them when the choices they’ve made may not be the ones anticipated by their employer but they’re exactly the right ones needed for the client.

In addition to giving your team some latitude and space so that they can creatively solve problems without you helicoptering over them, you also need to think about giving them recognition. Of course, nobody wants to celebrate repeated failure, but, if a software developer made an informed decision to try to do something in a new way and everyone could extract lessons learned from that effort, then s/he/they should be celebrated for making a bold move and trying to do something different. It should go without saying that the successes also need to be celebrated. Recognition motivates teams to try harder.

Efforts in the opposite direction will have – no surprise – the opposite effect. For example, a lack of recognition for doing well or finger-pointing when there is an error will demotivate teams and start to put restraints on their ability (and desire) to flourish. Powering up 10x teams requires motivation and support so that members can dig deep and unlock their potential. Motivation should be a weekly or monthly focus and not reserved for the one day each year when companies formally recognize their employees, clients or management team.

Here at InRhythm, we’re encouraging more dialogue between members and practice leaders and added the role of a liaison designed to facilitate open and honest discussion. We’re creating a culture where it’s safe to respectfully voice an opinion and to try new things that could make a difference for our clients. It’s also about accountability. If a team member come forward and voices a concern or a need that does not get addressed with an effort towards closed-loop communication, that member’s potential becomes thwarted.

Have you made 2020 all about your team’s potential? Are you subconsciously thwarting it or actively boosting it? Be the practice leader that helps teams thrive – not just survive.

Nov 19 2019

The Importance of Placing Individuals Above Processes and Tools

Empathy should be regarded as a super-power. Not enough people have it and the workplace – indeed, the entire world – would be a better place if more people did have it. When you have project deadlines or you’re in the midst of an intense all-hands scrum, it’s easy to forget about the people factor. That is, there are people working with you and for you who are missing celebrations, concerts or the opportunity to just chill out at home because their effort is critical to your product development effort.

But you’re on a tight timeline. You have key deliverables. Your client has worked backwards from the launch and expects that you will deliver a bug-free software solution by the date circled on the calendar. As the Practice Lead, you may be luckier than most in your role if you have a dedicated team cranked up on caffeine and working late into the evening – every evening, in fact. This is great for deadlines but it can have far-reaching negative consequences if this pace is expected to be sustained.

The Agile Value #1 requires that we value individuals and interactions over processes and tools. Yet you’re conflicted. Project deadlines and deliverables are what they are and you’ve explained them to your team. Missing a due date and delaying a launch is not going to happen on your watch. Processes for coding, testing, documenting must happen as prescribed, regardless of the yeoman’s effort required to get it done. Your team understands this, right? Surely you told each team member that they were doing great work when you met last year for their performance review?

Maybe they do. Or maybe they don’t. Agile product development places enormous demands on the people doing the work. Both the team members and their practice leads have to grapple with the relentless pressure and the temptation to skip part of the process to move things along faster.

When you’re building high velocity teams, you need to make daily investments in your people, processes and infrastructure. Take any and every opportunity to express empathy, understanding and gratitude for the work that your team, and each individual on your team, is doing. Expressing appreciation once per year during a performance review will likely end up becoming a one-and-done experience because that employee likely won’t be around this time next year.

There are simple ways to bolster your team’s productivity and motivate them to stay on track with respect to processes. The easiest way is to say, “Thank you.” If you want a high velocity team who is loyal, dedicated to the needs of your customers and proud of the work they do, then say what you mean and mean what you say. Be sincere.

To help ensure that your agile engineers remain “your” agile engineers, go one step further and acknowledge the efforts of individuals in front of others. People are human and their efforts, sacrifices and basic needs must be openly acknowledged. As software engineers in a hot market, we have the flexibility to go wherever we like towards the goal of being part of a community that values our membership. Agile leaders must reinforce appreciation of these “extra efforts” through grace, gratitude and occasionally, through special dispensation. Catering dinner (that’s not pizza) for the team every once in a while is a good expression of gratitude. This is how to build trust and long-term relationships, as well as high velocity, agile teams.

Staying strong on execution and adhering to process is critical for success. Acknowledging the personal efforts that it took to enable that success must be acknowledged. Remember, as per agile Value #1 – if you put people first, ahead of processes and tools, you will have created a space that fosters a high performing team’s success.

Nov 11 2019

Practice What You Preach

As agile practitioners and thought leaders in software engineering, when we work onsite at our clients’ offices, it is important that we deliver our best. After all, as consultants, we are viewed as experts brought in with the expectation that we instrument and equip them with high velocity teams. In this regard, as we heard from our CEO, Gunjan Doshi, in last weeks Learning & Growth Newsletter, we are agile craftsmen. Our challenge is how we can balance learning on-the-fly while integrated onsite with our clients and managing their project expectations.

It is one thing to operate as a living lab when you are shielded inside the walls of your company’s office. With the right culture, mistakes will be expected and valued. When they result in a learning opportunity they ultimately drive a new insight into efficiency and judgement, however, when you are working onsite with a client, it can be an entirely different experience. Mistakes can result in injured productivity or be viewed as an inhibitor to progress and improving velocity.

Clients understand that software development is partly intuitive as much as it is scientific, and even masters of the craft will occasionally misjudge. Agile methodologies instill the mindset that we constantly iterate upon and improve our solution as well as our process. This not only holds true in what we craft, but also from within ourselves. As agile craftsmen it is our responsibility to analyze our own efforts, understand and mitigate risks, decipher inefficiencies in complexity, and test and implement modern approaches, all on behalf of our clients.

As each of us continues on our own path of learning, an opportunity to support each other within our living lab presents itself. We are a community traveling in the same direction. Such says the African proverb, “If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together”. We are bar-raisers and we travel together. In this sense, all of our clients can benefit from any of our thought leaders.

There will be times where we struggle. Perhaps, through a buggy release or during the release of a new product with unanticipated difficulty. We must take feedback with fortitude and cannot be afraid to pivot our strategies, evaluate new implementations, test and ultimately learn.

Learning by doing is often the best form of instruction. Agile craftsmen must recognize that failure is a part of the development process. As Robin Arzon would say, “Failure is the platform to which we build upon”. Often times success only provides validation and feedback is an essential aspect of agile development supporting the continuous loop through which we design, implement, test, and learn.

Earlier this summer, the much anticipated release of Apache Kafka 2.3, a vastly popular component in microservice architecture, enabling streaming and real-time processing of records, was met with its own challenges. One of the persistent bugs was related to the user unsubscribe functionality. This was obviously a critical part of their offering today given the growing requirements related to data privacy and simply an essential aspect of any offering to ensure customer satisfaction. I’m sure everyone will agree, in today’s modern service oriented technology landscape, that the customer is in control and products must incorporate their needs if they wish to remain in business.

It’s simply not easy to project our own living lab culture when onsite with a client. The pressure is already high to meet deadlines and each of our own efforts is codependent on others’ to execute and deliver. Another factor can be pride. Nobody wants to err and be labeled as the bottleneck.

So how will you manage to accomplish this? Observation and communication. Follow what the signs say in the subway stations and airports. “If you see something, say something.” This is actually universal advice and is highly applicable to agile development efforts. By remaining sharply aware of what you’re doing and how that work is impacting those around you, your sprint, project, and team, you will be in a better position to anticipate potential challenges and outcomes. You can then communicate these as you predict them or as they are happening so that you can work collaboratively with your client and your colleagues onsite to address them. Sometimes simply managing expectations can afford you the opportunity to make mistakes, and as we know, making them earlier saves future development efforts.

Failing is a part of the process and not having the visibility and foresight to identify and cross-communicate about potential issues creates risk and impedes high-velocity teams. Agile craftsmen are expected to be nimble minded, to think and learn fast. We are expected to err on occasion and it’s all about how we handle that situational awareness and how we are communicating to others so that we all learn and grow together.

May 02 2019

The Magic of Service Workers

When we think about building modern web applications, we think about being online, about updating users with the latest news and offers. We think about flashy, and attractive animations. In the process of building a web application we often forget that the reality can be dramatically different. We are so busy focusing on the design, content, digital marketing that we forget one of the most important parts of keeping the website running – the users. In reality our users are located in various parts of the globe. They could be offline, or browsing on an old device using often flaky connection, or simply have limited data. How can we make sure that everyone has relatively the same experience using our product, no matter in what conditions they are using it?

What is a service worker?

If you heard of PWAs, you also heard of service workers, but what are they, how do they work, and what does it have to with anything?

A service worker is a JavaScript execution context that has its own event loop and node document dependency. In simpler terms, service workers are simply event driven JavaScript scripts running on their own thread in the background, separate from the browser. They don’t have access to the DOM and they are not attached to a single page, like regular JavaScript files. Their main role is to handle events fired by the browser, or your webpage, and intercept network requests.

You can think of it as a gatekeeper for your network requests. Service workers have a total control over every request made from a website. Since they run in the background, they don’t need the webpage to be open. That gives them ability to listen and respond to events such as push messages sent from the server to the browser.

How does a service worker work?

As we said before, service workers are based on JavaScript. Now, how do they do all that magic? Why would you want to add more code to your project? Why can’t you just use regular JavaScript file? Let’s consider two scenarios – a website with and without a service worker.

Scenario no. 1 – without service worker

You go to a website. Your browser makes a request to the server. The server responds with index.html file. Your browser parses through that file and makes additional requests to the server for the remaining files necessary to render the page. After the page is rendered you can enjoy using the website. You close the tab. What happens when you come back to that page? The process starts all over again. Now imagine that in the middle of that process you lost the connection. Bad news, once the connection is back the process will start all over again. Simply said, every time the connection is lost, the page is gone. If you don’t have access to the server, you simply don’t have access to anything.

Scenario no.2 – with service worker

You go to the website. Your browser makes a request to the server. The server responds with index.html file. Your browser parses through that file and finds service worker. The service worker is being downloaded, installed, and activated. Your browser continues making requests as usual, then renders the page. You use the page, and as usual, leave the page at some point. The process doesn’t seem any different, until you come back to that page. The logic behind service workers kicks in after it was installed and activated. With that being said, service worker won’t work until you return to the page after initial installation. From that point service worker will handle all coming and going requests. In the case that you lost connection, the page can still be loaded from the cache. The true power of service workers is ability to run in the background. This means that even if you leave the page, service worker will make sure that the content gets updated, and when you return, it’s ready to be loaded immediately. Imagine working all day and not using your precious phone. After work you get on the train, the connection is lost immediately and you can’t access any social media. Aha! Here comes a surprise. Your best friend service worker was busy all day preloading all new content for you. Now you can open your favorite page and be updated on what your friends ate for a dinner. How awesome, right?

Security concerns

What about malicious code running in the background of your phone hijacking all requests, you may ask?

With great power comes great responsibility. Using service worker, you can easily hijack connections, modify them, and fabricate responses. To prevent these malicious activities service workers can only be registered over a secure connection. You don’t need to worry about it during development process – localhost is considered to be secured. However, you definitely have to take care of the SSL certificates once your web app goes live. You can opt for paid or unpaid certificate. Should you decide to save some money on that step Let’s Encrypt is a free, automated, and open certificate authority.

Service worker lifecycle

Since service worker runs in the background, it has a separate lifecycle from the web page. Let’s have a look at its cycles.

Registration

In order to use its abilities, service worker has to be registered first. You should be aware that service workers are fairly new technology, and they are not yet supported by all the browsers. According to caniuse.com the browsers that are currently not supporting service workers are: IE and IE Mobile, older versions of Edge and Firefox, Opera Mini, and Android Browser. Hence, before we register service worker, we should check if the browser that is currently used by our user supports service workers. In the case that service workers are not supported, JavaScript code will skip service workers, and continue running. If the browser supports service workers, and the page never had a service worker before, or the current service worker had been updated, the browser needs to fetch a new service worker, register and install it. Service workers don’t require user’s permission in order to be used. The user won’t be even notified of their existence.

Installation and caching

After the registration of a service worker is completed, it triggers installation process. This is a perfect time to pre-cache all of the resources needed for the shell of our app.

Activation

Once the service worker has been installed it’s then activated. The service worker will now control all pages under its scope. You may now ask: what happens when after some time our cache gets outdated? The browser doesn’t know which cache we are going to use, but storing all outdated caches takes a lot of space. The activation process seems to be a great place to solve this issue.

Fetch and updating cache

After the service worker was activated, it can now control events such as fetch, message, and push events which occur whenever network request or message is sent from the page.

Termination

In order to save memory, the browser can terminate the service worker. It will be restarted as needed.

Scope

When the service worker is registered, it will only handle requests within its scope. What it really means is that your service worker will only have a power over the scope that it is placed in. If you place the service worker in root folder, that service worker will be in control of all other pages. However, if your service worker is placed in a particular folder, it will then have control over that folder only.

What you should also remember is that any page can register a service worker, there are no limits to the amount of service workers, but once they are installed, they will be there forever, or until they are manually unregistered by the user.

Caching strategies

There are a handful of useful cache strategies, but choosing the right one always depends on the needs of your application. Let’s have an overview of a few of most common strategies.

Cache first, then network – if the request matches the cache entry, otherwise try to fetch the resource from the network. This is a great strategy for storing commonly used files such as components. However, you should be careful when using this strategy for the application data or resources that change often – you may get old data.

Network first, then cache – using this method you will try to fetch the resources from the network. If the network request is unsuccessful, the browser will try to fetch the resource from the cache. This is a good method to use for the apps containing a lot of fresh data, such as social media platforms, game leaderboards, or articles. This method guarantees that the network request for freshest data will be attempted, however it is unsuccessful, you will still see the old data. The major flaw of this strategy is that when the user has a slow or intermittent connection, they will have to wait either until the data gets loaded from the server, or until the request times out.

Cache only – using this method, your browser will try to resolve the request from the cache. If the resources are unavailable, the request fails. This is a great option for making sure that no network request is made, for example when you turn on save battery mode on your device.

Cache then network – this strategy is ideal for data that updates frequently or when it’s important to get the data on the screen as fast as possible. Using this method, you would make two parallel requests – one to the network and one to the cache, then display the cached version first, and update the UI once network response arrives, unless the network data returns before the cache.

Progressive enhancement

Service Workers are a new technology, currently supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Samsung Internet (coming up in Edge and Safari). What happens if the browser that you are using doesn’t support them? The browser will simply ignore the part of code responsible for Service Worker and default to its natural behavior. Simply said, you won’t benefit from Service Worker, but it won’t break anything as well.

Push Notifications

What are push notifications?

Push notifications are messages that are ‘pushed’ from the server user’s device. They allow us to communicate with the users even if the browser is closed. The ability to reach out to users at any time gives us a is incredibly powerful way to engage with the user, bring them back to the application.

Structure

Push notifications consist of two building blocks: the Notifications API, and the Push API. The first one lets us to display the messages to the user, while the latter is responsible for handling the Push Messages received from the server, even when the app is closed. The Notification and Push API’s are built on top of the service worker API, which responds to push message events in the background and links them to the application.

Push API

Push messages meant to become notifications are sent from a server directly to the push service, and contain the information necessary for the push service to send it to the right client and wake up the correct service worker. This process happens even when the browser is closed and the service worker is deactivated. When the service worker receives the message, it wakes up to display the message and then deactivates again. However, if the user decides to interact with the notifications service worker wakes up again, this time to handle that user’s interaction.

Notifications API

This API is solely responsible for displaying the notifications to the user. This API uses the same mechanisms as native apps, giving the notifications a completely native look and feel.

Permission

Before the notifications can be displayed, the applications need to prompt the user with permission request. The user’s response is the stored along with the app, so when the user comes back, the window does not pop up again with the same request.

Background Sync

Background synchronization is a relatively new but very important feature, as it allows you to synchronize the data even if the user is offline. Let’s imagine, that the user started filling out the form while online. By the time the form was ready to be sent, the user was already offline. How frustrating it really is when at the end of filling out form you can’t save them, all the data is gone and you have to start over when the connection is back? Thankfully using background synchronization allows us to proceed with sending the data to the server. How does it work? You would probably think that we simply send the request, that request is stored in the cache until the connection is back, right? Unfortunately, you can’t cache ‘POST’ requests. So how do we do it then? We need to register sync tasks, in other words we need to tell the service worker that there are some tasks that require to be taken care of when the connection is back. But where is that data that we want to send stored in the meantime? IndexedDB is the best place to store the data requested to be sent. When the connectivity is reestablished the sync event fires, and the service worker executes all tasks it has stored. The beauty of this feature is that user doesn’t have to have the browser open – everything happens in the background!

Summary

Service workers possibilities are countless, and this article only touches on a few of them, but be sure that mastering your service worker skills and caching techniques will make your web apps reliable, fast and engaging whether your users are offline, online or using flaky connection.