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React

Apr 12 2023

What You Can Expect From React 18

Based on a Lightning Talk by: Godfrey Best, Senior Software Engineer @ InRhythm on March 29th, 2023 as part of the Propel Spring Quarterly Summit 2023

Author: Paris Leach, Senior Software Engineer @ InRhythm

Overview

Recently we had an exciting Lightning Talk led by Godfrey Best, who walked us through the changes introduced by React 18.

React 18 ushers in structural changes to the library that will help developers create more performant applications. Among these changes are the highly anticipated concept of concurrent rendering, which gives the developer fine-grain control over how their components render. We will discuss these changes at a (mostly) high level, in the hopes that you walk away from this article with a solid understanding of the changes that this version introduces.

What Is React?

Before we dive into React 18, we’re going to take a brief look at what React is for those who are not familiar. Feel free to skip this section if you already have a good grasp of React.

React is, succinctly, a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. It was created at Meta in 2011 (many of you will remember that it was called Facebook, at the time) and open sourced in 2013. It swiftly became the most popular frontend library/framework.

It provides a declarative, component-based API so that you don’t need to worry about page changes on every update. You pass data to the components, and React determines how they should render. React renders a Virtual DOM (not to be confused with the Shadow DOM), listens for changes in component data, and by default re-renders only those components whose data has changed.

React data is generally passed unilaterally (from parent to child, and not vice-versa), and is usually either a component property (data that is passed from a parent to a child) or a part of component state (internal data that belongs to a specific component and can only be directly changed by that same component).

For most of React’s lifespan, it has relied on synchronous rendering, which means that once an application has begun rendering, the user must wait for the render to be completed before they can interact with the components (these render methods and their callbacks are pushed to JavaScript’s single-threaded call stack).

About Version 18

React 18 was released on March 29th, 2022, and among other changes, it adds features that allow the developer to switch from synchronous rendering to asynchronous rendering, or as React has coined it, concurrent features. This allows React to render and re-render its components outside of the call stack, unblocking the user’s opportunity to interact while the render process occurs. In addition, the developer can establish priority for certain renders, giving them more granular control over their applications. React concurrent features:

  • are opt-in (when upgrading to React 18, components are not automatically set to render concurrently)
  • are backwards compatible
  • employ reusable state
  • are interruptible

How Can We Use These New Features?

There are a number of new hooks introduced in React 18, most which are expected to be implemented by framework authors, such as Next.js, Hydrogen and Remix. A few of the new hooks made available are:

  • useId
    • Used for generating unique ids on both the client and server to prevent hydration mismatches
  • useInsertionEffect
    • Allows for CSS and JavaScript libraries to address performance issues while they are injecting styles during rendering
  • useSyncExternalStore
    • Allows external stores to support concurrent reads by forcing updates to the stores to be synchronous (useful for state management libraries like Redux)
  • useTransition
    • Allows the library’s authors to mark certain actions as low priority (such as switching between pages) *We’ll be taking a closer look at this hook later in the article

React 18 also splits the rendering API (ReactDOM) into 2 parts:

  • ReactDOM/client
  • ReactDOM/server

What Features Can We Use Today?

Not all of these features require time for frameworks (or us) to implement; some of them can be used today, out-of-box:

Automatic Batching

Before React 18, if you had multiple state updates that were called inside of a React event handler function, they would be batched automatically, and the component would only be re-rendered once. This formerly only applied to React state handlers, and not, for example, setTimeouts or native event handlers. React 18 changes this by automatically batching all state updates inside any function by default. This reduces unnecessary re-renders.

useDeferredValue()

This tells React to only render a value when it’s convenient, similar to debounce, though this feature has superior performance to the former. Unlike debounce, there is no fixed time delay before this fires; additionally, this can be interrupted and does not block user input.

useTransition()

This hook is similar to useDeferredValue(), except that it tells React to render a state update when it’s convenient. It can also show if a transition is pending, which is a useful status to have awareness of within your application.

Suspense For Data Fetching

This feature actually existed in previous versions of React, but it was only used for code splitting. In React 18, suspense is available for data fetching, allowing for a declarative fallback ui in scenarios when the application is waiting on an asynchronous action to complete.

Conclusion

React 18 brings some long awaited performance boons and quality-of-life improvements. The move away from synchronous to concurrent rendering is something React has been working on since 2017 and now developers can finally avail themselves of its benefits. React also has some future developments in the pipeline:

  • Rendering components offscreen, allowing a developer to prepare ui to render in advance of the ui being on the page
  • Improvements around suspense for data fetching, such as more exposed primitives to make it easier to access your data, as well as the ability to use the feature without a framework having to implement it
  • Server components (an experimental but upcoming feature), allowing developers to build apps spanning both the client and the server

Written by Kaela Coppinger · Categorized: Cloud Engineering, Java Engineering, Product Development, Software Engineering, Web Engineering · Tagged: best practices, INRHYTHMU, learning and growth, React, React 18, software, software engineering, Web, Web Development, web engineering

Sep 14 2017

Featured Tech Talk – Andy Philbert Jr. – Javascript Recruiter Extraordinaire

 

Listen to Andy Philbert Jr. – Head Javascript Recruiter of InRhythm, deliver an insightful talk on what his kind look for when interviewing and hiring.

From Andy:
“Recruiters are usually the first people you speak to when interviewing with companies. We are not engineers and screen for non technical qualities that shows that you would be someone amazing to work with and have the potential to be or already are a great engineer. This talk discusses the recruiter’s role within the interview process and how to market yourself as a great engineer without having to rely on just showing your code.”

Session: IR Lightning Talks 1 – Aug 24, 2017, IR HQ

 

Written by InRhythm · Categorized: Code Lounge, Events, InRhythm News, Learning and Development, Software Engineering · Tagged: 10x, agile, events, FinTech, growth, hiring, JavaScript, love where you work, NYC, Programming, React, software engineering

Apr 25 2017

Engineering Driven Culture – InRhythm’s Code Lounge

 

[huge_it_slider id=”3″]

Last week, driven by the feedback from our engineering leadership team, we held InRhythm U’s first-ever Code Lounge, inviting everyone from across the company and a few external guests to learn new skills, brush up on existing ones, or just get help on a personal project.

Code Lounge featured technical “stations” for Angular, React, React Native, Express, Vue, Node.js, Java, QA, UX and Product, each led by an InRhythm senior developer instructor. Accompanied by food and drinks on the company, the event provided an easy atmosphere and low-key way for everyone to network and learn a thing or two!

Here are a few key takeaways and learnings from Code Lounge:

  1. To understand what is important to our engineers, we need to be constantly listening to and engaging with our teams. While Vue and Java were not on our list of station offerings originally, in putting the event together we quickly found out that they are in high demand. Luckily, we were able to add both of these to our agenda, thanks to our very talented engineers who were able to lead these discussions.
  2. Collaboration happens when culture is driven from bottom up, not top down. Our engineers and UX/product leads single-handedly drove Code Lounge, with management simply enabling from the background with budget and logistics support. The magic of the night was the true collaboration seen across the stations, individuals coming prepared with best practices in their domains to share without being asked, and amazing learning and teaching happening in tandem across the room.
  3. Angular seemed to be the least popular station at the event, perhaps because a large part of our team is already fluent in Angular or perhaps due to newer technologies featured, such as Vue and React – these were the most popular and buzzed-about tables.
  4. We love learning and development at InRhythm, but admittedly beer on tap, Lombardi’s pizza, pool and music make it even better.

At InRhythm, our goal is to give our people the best opportunities for learning and growth. This goal is something I feel very passionate about as do all our senior leaders across the organization. Code Lounge is just one example of how we keep our company culture and ourselves at the top of our game!  If you want to find out more, visit us at www.inrhythm.com.

 

Written by Hannah Nochera · Categorized: Bootcamp, Code Lounge, Events, Financial Services, InRhythm News, Learning and Development, Software Engineering, Talent · Tagged: Angular, Code lounge, engineers, Java, JavaScript, Learn, Node, Node.js, React, React native, software engineering

Apr 24 2017

Preparing your Angular 1 codebase to upgrade to React or Angular 2

Thank you to InRhythm teammates Mike Fisher and Khaled Mohamed for their invaluable contribution to this article.

Managing a gradual, staged transition from Angular 1 to Angular 2 or React is not a pipe dream. Upgrading does not have to mean a full rewrite, nor a significant disruption to the release cycle. Although the risk can be high, you’re probably reading this article because you know the transition is worth it for the superior performance and smaller bundle sizes of the next generation frameworks.

Additional motivation to upgrade might be as a justification to ditch the old Gulp/Bower build process for Webpack 2 + ES6 Modules in all its tree-shaking glory… or even because it has become difficult to hire and retain top talent when engineers don’t want to work on legacy Angular 1 products (you did see the SO developer survey, right?).

Fortunately, there is a simple migration path that can be pursued in three discrete, meaningful and low-risk steps.

  1. Use Webpack (Browserify, Rollup, etc.) to build your application bundle.
  2. Convert stateful services and controllers to ES6 classes.
  3. Abstract the Angular module system out of your code following the ui-router pattern.

Each of above steps will move you tangibly closer to Angular 2 or React and provide real value and flexibility along the way. I hope to prove to you that the process is achievable incrementally, without significantly disrupting the release cycle.

First things first… Prerequisites

This post assumes that you are already familiar with modern build tools like Webpack, Rollup or Browserify and aware of the benefits of upgrading to Angular 2 or React. As such, I’m not going to dive into Webpack configurations nor into the specifics of next-generation frameworks. Instead, I’ll focus on how to sequence the transition in order to minimize disruption to your release schedule.

If you’re working with a legacy Angular 1 codebase, there’s a decent chance that the starting point was John Papa’s famous generator-hottowel. I’m going to start with a freshly generated hottowel project to demonstrate the migration.

Step 1: Integrate Webpack into your build process

Hottowel uses a combination of IIFEs, Gulp, Bower, wiredep, and gulp-useref to read and concatenate the source files into an application bundle. It’s a brilliant pattern that leverages the Bower dependency tree and Angular’s module system and dependency injection to correctly build your application. It works incredibly well, but it in 2017 is showing it’s age. The lack of a proper bundler means that recent, game changing developments like native JavaScript modules, improvements to IDE tooling, tree shaking, live-refresh/hot-module-reloading, and CSS modules are almost impossible to support. Furthermore, Angular 2 and React presuppose the use of a bundler. To move forward, you’ll have to ditch your old gulpfile.

You do not need to modify your existing source code to transition to Webpack.

Amazingly, you do not need to modify your existing source code to transition to Webpack. You simply need to create an application entry point and add an index.js file in each subdirectory of your application to require all of your source files.

For example, this is the directory structure that hottowel generates:

Angular application scaffolded by generator-hottowel demonstrating the default directory structure

First, create a file src/client/app/index.js with the following contents:

// src/client/app/index.js

import './app.module.js';
import './admin';
import './blocks';
import './core';
import './dashboard';
import './layout';
import './widgets';

 

This file is the entry point to your build process. It represents the root of the tree that comprises your application. Inside ./admin and ./blocks  and every other subdirectory there is an index.js file which will import all of the source code in the same directory in addition to any subdirectories.

For example, src/client/app/admin/index.js will look like this:

// src/client/app/admin/index.js

import './admin.controller.js';
import './admin.html';
import './admin.module.js';
import './admin.route.js';

and src/client/app/blocks/index.js which contains three subdirectories and no files should look like this:

// src/client/app/blocks/index.js

import './exception';
import './logger';
import './router';

When complete, a chain of index.js files and import statements will link your entire application. By pointing Webpack at src/client/app/index.js it can generate your entire application bundle. The directory structure should now look like this, with an index.js in src/client/app, src/client/app/admin and in every other subdirectory under src/client/app:

directory structure of the generated application after creating the index.js files

If it’s unclear how this pattern works, I recommend reading up on module loaders and these resources on ES6 import and Node/CommonJS module resolution.

Step 2: Embrace ES6 modules, upgrade Angular services and controllers to ES6 classes

Now that your bundler is in place, you can begin to strip away some of the cruft necessitated by simply concatenating source files. As an example, let’s take a look at the AdminController at src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js.

// src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js
(function() {
  'use strict';

  angular
    .module('app.admin')
    .controller('AdminController', AdminController);

  AdminController.$inject = ['logger'];
  /* @ngInject */
  function AdminController(logger) {
    var vm = this;
    vm.title = 'Admin';

    activate();

    function activate() {
      logger.info('Activated Admin View');
    }
  }
})();

Immediately, there are a few things we can do. First, we can remove the wrapping IIFE since Webpack will package each file in its own closure. We can also remove ‘use strict’ because ES6 modules are executed in strict mode by default. Let’s also import angular because we want to be explicit about the dependencies of every file. Importing 3rd party libraries instead of treating them as globals allows Webpack to extract them into a vendor or commons bundle on which you can set appropriate caching headers, potentially saving returning users hundreds of kilobytes of downloaded content and multiple network calls.

After these changes admin.controller.js should now look like this:

// src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js
import angular from 'angular';

angular
  .module('app.admin')
  .controller('AdminController', AdminController);

AdminController.$inject = ['logger'];
/* @ngInject */
function AdminController(logger) {
  var vm = this;
  vm.title = 'Admin';

  activate();

  function activate() {
    logger.info('Activated Admin View');
  }
}

Next, we want to convert the services and controller to ES6 classes. Both React and Angular 2 encourage implementing application components with ES6 classes. If you’re unfamiliar with ES6 classes, I highly recommend reading up on them and on prototypal inheritance in JavaScript in general. As an ES6 class, AdminController looks like this:

// src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js
import angular from 'angular';

angular
  .module('app.admin')
  .controller('AdminController', AdminController);

class AdminController {
  static $inject = ['logger'];

  constructor(logger) {
    this.logger = logger;
  }

  $onInit() {
    this.title = 'Admin';
    this.logger.info('Activated Admin View');
  }
}

A few things to consider

There are a few subtle patterns to recognize here. First, we ditched the /* ngInject */ annotation in favor of a static class property.

Second, there is no private scope. With ES6 classes, all members are public (for now). The body of an ES6 class can only contain static and prototype property declarations. This means that the initialization logic in the body of the AdminController function needs to be moved into the constructor or into the new $onInit lifecycle method introduced in Angular 1.5.

* Technically, to take advantage of lifecycle methods we need to convert this controller into a component. Take a look at Todd Mottos upgrade guides to familiarize yourself with the new patterns and for tips on easing the transition to Angular 2.

Finally,  vm = this;, also known as “controller as” syntax has been eliminated. Instance and prototype properties and methods are accessible on this so we don’t need that workaround anymore. This is a mixed blessing because vm helped us avoid JavaScript’s notoriously confusing rules about resolving this. When you refactor to a class you’ll need to decide on a pattern for how to keep this proper this in scope. Concepts to investigate include arrow functions (lexical scoping of this), binding prototype methods to the instance in the constructor, class property initializers, and the proposed bind operator ::.

Take your time–you don’t have to do this all at once

Take your time as you refactor your services and controllers into classes and your directives into components–you don’t have to do this all at once. In fact, you can write new code with the new patterns and leave your old code alone if it’s working just fine. The point of Step 1 was to give you the flexibility to refactor at your own pace.

Step 3: Abstract away the Angular module system and decouple your source code from the framework

If you’ve made it this far, your formerly legacy codebase is starting to look a little more fresh. You now have a proper build process and you can tell prospective hires that yes, your company uses the latest ES6 features ????.

The final step is to decouple your source code as much as possible from the framework. This can also be done incrementally, file-by-file as time permits.

Utilizing the following patterns will breathe new life into your legacy application while setting the stage for an eventual migration to the framework of your choosing. By the end, you might find that you don’t need to switch frameworks at all!

  1. Use the ui-router pattern to decouple your codebase form the ng-module system.
  2. Replace Angular helper functions with Lodash. Tree shaking dramatically reduces the cost of utilizing small portions of 3rd party libraries.
  3. Write pure functions and turn any Angular service that does not manage private state into a plain old JavaScript library. If a service isn’t stateful then it’s just business logic. Treat your business logic like an external dependency and import functionality as needed.
  4. Use Angular 1.5 components for everything. Break up large templates into components using the presentational/container component pattern. This pattern was popularized by the React community but works just as well with Angular 1.5 components.
  5. Ditch “scope soup”, $broadcast,  and 2-way binding in favor of 1-way component bindings and framework-independent state management libraries like Redux and RxJS that support unidirectional data flow. Redux and RxJS are used extensively in React, Vue and Angular 2 development and helper libraries for Angular 1 exist (ng-redux, rx.angular.js).

If you’re serious about making the transition to Angular 2, then thoroughly read the official upgrade guide and consider developing a hybrid application if you really can’t afford the risk of a hard cutover.

UI-Router pattern

Of all the recommendations above, the ui-router pattern for eliminating the Angular module system might be the least familiar, though I’ve found it essential for easing the migration away from Angular 1.

The ui-router team put together an amazing sample application that shows off the power of their library along with demonstrating beautifully how to build a modern, modular application. One thing it illustrates admirably is how to abstract the Angular wiring into a single file in the application.

Currently, every file in our example application is still tightly coupled to Angular because they contain this little preamble or something like it:

import angular from 'angular';

angular
  .module('app.admin')
  .controller('AdminController', AdminController);

This repetition just feels wrong when Don’t Repeat Yourself is a programmer’s mantra. To DRY up this anti-pattern, the ui-router team followed a three-pronged strategy:

  1. Maintain a single Angular module for the entire application. You may have heard that it’s helpful to create many modules for your application because it aids code reuse. However, now that JavaScript has real modules, we don’t need Angular’s module system anymore.
  2. Convert ngModules into mini-libraries of plain JavaScript classes, functions and objects to bundle related functionality.
  3. Expose a helper method to wire the single module and the mini-libraries into an Angular 1 application.

Applying this to our sample hottowel application, we’ll modify src/client/app/app.module.js to create the single Angular module and expose the helper function that handles registering application components with the injector.

Creating the single module and helper method

After completing step 2, app.module.js should look like this:

// src/client/app/app.module.js
import angular from 'angular';

angular.module('app', [
  'app.core',
  'app.widgets',
  'app.admin',
  'app.dashboard',
  'app.layout'
]);

After applying the ui-router refactor, app.module.js now looks like this:

// src/client/app/app.module.js

/* Adapted from http://github.com/ui-router/sample-app-ng1/blob/master/app/bootstrap/ngmodule.js */
import angular from 'angular';

/**
 * Creates the module 'app' and exports it for other modules to import and 
 * register providers and controllers
 */
export const ngModule = angular.module('app', [
  /* List 3rd party Angular dependencies */
]);

const BLANK_MODULE = {
  states: [],
  components: {},
  directives: {},
  services: {},
  filters: {},
  configBlocks: [],
  runBlocks: [],
  constants: {},
  values: {}
};

/**
 * Register each app module's states, directives, components, filters, services,
 * constants, values, and config/run blocks with the `ngModule.
 *
 * @param ngModule the `angular.module()` object
 * @param appModule the feature module consisting of components, states, services, etc
 */
export function loadModule(ngModule, appModule) {
  const module = Object.assign({}, BLANK_MODULE, appModule);

  ngModule.config(['$stateProvider', $stateProvider => module.states.forEach(state => $stateProvider.state(state))]);

  Object.keys(module.components).forEach(name => ngModule.component(name, module.components[name]));

  Object.keys(module.directives).forEach(name => ngModule.directive(name, module.directives[name]));

  Object.keys(module.services).forEach(name => ngModule.service(name, module.services[name]));

  Object.keys(module.filters).forEach(name => ngModule.filter(name, module.filters[name]));

  Object.keys(module.constants).forEach(name => ngModule.constant(name, module.constants[name]));
  
  Object.keys(module.values).forEach(name => ngModule.value(name, module.values[name]));

  module.configBlocks.forEach(configBlock => ngModule.config(configBlock));
  
  module.runBlocks.forEach(runBlock => ngModule.run(runBlock));

  return ngModule;
}

The export ngModule is our single application module. 'app.core', 'app.admin', etc. are gone. In their place we will attach every provider to ngModule via the loadModule function.

loadModule is how we wire up the Angular application. It accepts two arguments, an Angular module and an object describing a mini-library composed of ui-router state definitions, services, factories, controllers, etc. When invoked, loadModule will iterate through each collection and dictionary, registering the providers within on the module. Any class, object or function that we want to expose as an injectable in our Angular app we can wire up with via loadModule. With this framework in place, we can remove the Angular preamble from the beginning of every file.

Refactoring the Admin module into a mini-library

Let’s see how this can be applied to src/client/app/admin, converting it from an Angular module to a mini-library.

Before, index.js and admin.controller.js look like this:

// src/client/app/admin/index.js

import './admin.controller.js';
import './admin.html';
import './admin.module.js';
import './admin.route.js';


// src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js

import angular from 'angular';

angular
  .module('app.admin')
  .controller('AdminController', AdminController);

class AdminController {
  static $inject = ['logger'];

  constructor(logger) {
    this.logger = logger;
  }

  $onInit() {
    this.title = 'Admin';
    this.logger.info('Activated Admin View');
  }
}

After the refactor, they look like this:

/ src/client/app/admin/index.js

import { ngModule, loadModule } from '../app.module.js';
import AdminController from './admin.controller.js';
import adminRoute from './admin.route.js';  Modified to return a ui-router state definition object
// import './admin.html';                   The template will be imported in the route as a string
// import './admin.module.js';              Deleted. This file is no longer needed

const adminModule = {
  controllers: { AdminController },
  states: { adminRoute }
}

loadModule(ngModule, adminModule);


// src/client/app/admin/admin.controller.js

export default class AdminController {
  static $inject = ['logger'];

  constructor(logger) {
    this.logger = logger;
  }

  $onInit() {
    this.title = 'Admin';
    this.logger.info('Activated Admin View');
  }
}

When we invoke loadModule(ngModule, adminModule) it will register the admin module’s components on the main 'app' module. Applying this pattern to the rest of the project, we have now removed the Angular wiring from nearly every file in the application! Our source code is nearly clear of coupling to the framework and it’s in much better shape that when we started out.

What’s next?

It would be easy to mistake the refactored admin.module.js for something that’s not Angular 1. With most of the framework ceremony stripped away, it’s clear that we could quickly factor AdminController into a React component that expects a logger prop and whose render method returns the template from admin.html.

If you decided opted to replace $scope inheritance and $rootscope.$broadcast with ngRedux then moving to React becomes a task that’s more tedious than complex. You can also look into ngUpgrade which supports loading hybrid ng1/ng2 applications, giving you even more granular control over how you fully leave Angular 1.

Extra credit: refactor your source code to TypeScript

TypeScript can be a game changer, eliminating whole classes of errors that generally aren’t diagnosable until runtime with plain JavaScript. If you’re unfamiliar with statically typed languages and the benefits thereof, I recommend starting with the TypeScript documentation to see how it can make your projects more resilient.

An incremental transition to TypeScript is simple with a Webpack build process. First, change the extension of any file that you want to write in TypeScript to .ts and then add ts-loader to your Webpack config, configured to resolve and transpile files with a .ts extension. Since TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript you can mix and match as you please.

Additional Reading

Below are links to articles and repositories which you might find helpful when planning your upgrade. Please post any helpful articles or migration advice in the comments.

  • The wonderful ui-router example application
  • ngReact to register React components as ng1 directives
  • Managing state with Redux and Angular and an example application
  • Comparison of major frameworks including Vue, React, Angular 1/2, and Ember
  • Using TypeScript with React

Written by InRhythm · Categorized: InRhythm News, Software Engineering · Tagged: Angular, angularjs, architecture, design patterns, project management, React, refactoring, upgrade, Webpack

Oct 22 2015

CTO Video Roundup – Connect.JS

I was invited to speak at Connect.JS down in Atlanta, GA on ES6 and React. While those videos will take a little bit of time to be released, here’s my rundown of my awesome experience in the Peach State.

Links:

  • How to Learn –  https://speakerdeck.com/airportyh/how-to-learn
  • Dealing with JavaScript errors –  https://twitter.com/johnkpaul/status/655452473054904320
  • Machina.js –  http://machina-js.org/
  • Facebook Open Source at Scale – https://speakerdeck.com/caabernathy/how-facebook-does-open-source-at-scale
  • ES6 features – https://twitter.com/johnkpaul/status/655023787252056064

Written by John K. Paul

Written by inrhythmAdmin · Categorized: Software Engineering · Tagged: cto update, ES6, React, video

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